radiographic film processing. Major human organ and
organ systems are presented as to their cellular and
molecular mechanisms and as to their relationships
with each other. Particular emphasis is given to the
bloodstream injection and transfer of radionuclides,
to organ accumulation and excretory removal of
nuclides, to gastrointestinal transfer and absorption
measurements. Related topics in pathology, patient
dose administration, instrumentation, methodologies
and nuclear medicine techniques are also included.
NMED406
CLINICAL RADIONUCLIDES
4 sem. hrs.
Discussions include tracer theory, radionuclide pro-
duction and occurrence, pharmacologic properties
and actions of radiopharmaceuticals, methods of
localization, radiopharmaceutical preparations and
their quality control, patient dose preparation and
administration. Radioimmunoassay principles, types,
usage, quantitation, and methodology are also pre-
sented. Related subjects in human hormone struc-
tures, principles of immunology, sensitivity and
specificity of preparations, proper protocols and tech-
niques, and sources of error are included.
NMED407
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
PROCEDURES
6 sem. hrs.
Included in this course are properties and selection of
therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, dose preparation
and administration, applicable statistical concepts,
physiology and pathology. Consideration is given to
different types of radiation therapy, their relative
worth, patient safety, hospital function and safety,
ethical patient communication, patient movement and
transfer, first aid and management of emergency situ-
ations emphasizing cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR), medical aspesis, isolation techniques, vital
sign determinations, accident prevention, safety pre-
cautions, and professional attitudes and responsibili-
ties to the patient.
NMED408
CLINICAL MEDICINE
PRACTICUM
7 sem. hrs.
Students receive clinical training for a period of a 33
weeks. This training is effected in a nuclear medicine
department in a selected hospital. Under careful
supervision, the student receives instruction in virtu-
ally every area of the practice of clinical nuclear med-
icine, e.g., imaging procedures, organ concentration-
excretion measurements, radioimmunoassay, therapy
procedures, patient scheduling, radiopharmaceutical
preparation, proper instrumentation usage and quality
control, and the practice of proper, effective radiolog-
ical safety.
Pymatuning Laboratory of
Ecology
PYMA619
AQUATIC ENTOMOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
The aquatic insects are discussed with respect to their
evolutionary origins, biogeography, habitat prefer-
ences, trophic ecology life cycles, morphological and
physiological adaptations, and taxonomy. Great
emphasis is placed on the ability of the student to
identify these insects and to associate them with the
ecological conditions under which they are found.
Extensive field and laboratory studies are made both
individually and as a class.
PYMA623
AVIAN ECOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
This field work course studies the evolution, behav-
ior, and ecology of birds. It emphasizes the identifi-
cation of local species and experimental methods in
the field.
PYMA626
AQUATIC BOTANY
3 sem. hrs.
Emphasis on recognition of the freshwater algae and
aquatic vascular in field communities and on the
methods of quantifying their relative numbers and
mass. Prerequisite: permission of the instructor.
PYMA633
FIELD BOTANY
3 sem. hrs.
This field work course emphasizes identification of
native herbaceous and woody plants in terrestrial
communities and quantitative methods for analyzing
relative densities, biomass, and ecological relation-
ships.
PYMA634
ENVIRONMENTAL
EVALUATION
4 sem. hrs.
Lecture, laboratory, and field trips are designed to
acquaint students with environmental evaluation
techniques used in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Social and economic factors will be considered.
Students will participate in preparation of an assess-
ment proposal containing all elements of a typical
commercial proposal.
PYMA636
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
This field work course studies the interrelations
among microorganisms, their processes, and their
environments through lecture, laboratory and field
experiences. It emphasizes the descriptive process
and the important features in the life histories of spe-
cial groups of decomposers which enable them to
thrive in particular habitats. Prerequisite: PYMA634
or BIOL522 or BIOL220 or consent of the instructor.
PYMA639
FIELD ENTOMOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
This field work course analyzes the systematics, nat-
ural history and ecology of insects. It surveys to order
the local insect fauna through field observation and
collection. It also studies selected lower taxonomic
levels.
PYMA641
MAMMALIAN ECOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
This field work course studies mammals of
Pennsylvania, emphasizing the ecology of mammals
of the Pymatuning region. Laboratory and field tech-
niques focus on ecological distribution, community
structure, and physiological ecology.
PYMA660
STREAM ECOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
This course will consist of field, laboratory and lec-
ture topics in lotic ecology. Among the subjects to be
included are: Fluvial morphology, chemical and phys-
ical features and biological processes. Emphasis will
be placed on the interpretation of stream phenomena
in view of stream continuum theory.
BIOL604
LIMNOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
A field-oriented study of lakes, reservoirs, and
streams as dynamic systems. Inland waters are con-
sidered in terms of their physical, chemical, geologi-
cal and biological components. Emphasis is placed on
the use of quantitative sampling and analytical tech-
niques. A background in botany and zoology is a pre-
requisite while a background in inorganic chemistry
is helpful.
BIOL681
FISH ECOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
A field course dealing with the interrelationships of
fish and the environment, biotic and abiotic. Fish in
their natural habitats, and applied aspects of the ecol-
ogy of fish and fishery biology will be studied.
Prerequisite: a course in vertebrate zoology, icthyolo-
gy, ecology or permission of the instructor.
BIOL682
BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
4 sem. hrs.
Behavior is studied from an evolutionary perspective.
Current models of foraging, mating and social behav-
ior are evaluated through classroom and field work.
Biology Courses
BIOL100
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
This course addresses biological problems; their
beginnings, their present status, and the methods used
to solve them. Topics include reproduction, heredity,
population and food, ecology, behavior, and food.
This course is approved for General Education Core
7.
BIOL101
HUMAN BIOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
Basic foundations, principles, and processes of biolo-
gy are taught as they are exemplified by or relate to
the human organism. The structures, reactions, and
interrelationships of human organs, systems, and
processes are emphasized. Lecture and laboratory.
This course is approved for General Education
Distribution 3.
BIOL102
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
3 sem. hrs.
The characteristics and ecological relationships of the
major groups of living organisms are considered.
Emphasis is placed on organisms as members of pop-
ulations and communities in relation to their environ-
ment and other organisms, rather than as isolated enti-
ties. Lecture and laboratory. This course is approved
for General Education Distribution 3.
BIOL103
PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
4 sem. hrs.
This course introduces students to the principles of
biology, primarily at the molecular and cellular lev-
els. It emphasizes basic concepts such as the interre-
lation of form and function, energy economy in the
biosphere, the continuity of living matter, and the
maintenance of the steady state. It includes lecture
and laboratory. This course is approved for General
Education Core 7.
BIOL201
BIOLOGY OF AGING 3 sem. hrs.
This course introduces students to biological aspects
of aging in humans and other animals. The aging
process is studied at the cellular and organismic lev-
els in both healthy and disease states. Non-laboratory.
Prerequisite: BIOL101, 102, or 103. This course is
approved for General Education Distribution 3.
BIOL203
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
GENETICS
3 sem. hrs.
This course reviews classical human heredity and
population genetics concepts, then considers molecu-
Course Descriptions/161